Everything about Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov totally explained
Count Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov (
Михаил Николаевич Муравьёв in
Russian) (
April 19,
1845 -
June 21,
1900) was a
Russian
statesman who advocated transfer of Russian foreign policy from Europe to the
Far East. He is probably best remembered for having initiated the
Hague Peace Conference.
Mikhail Muraviev was the son of
General Count Nicholas Muravyov (
governor of
Grodno), and grandson of the Count
Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov-Vilensky, who became notorious for his drastic measures in stamping out the
Polish insurrection of 1863 in the
Lithuanian provinces. He was educated at a
secondary school at
Poltava, and was for a short time at
Heidelberg University.
In 1864, he entered the
chancellery of the
minister of foreign affairs at
St.Petersburg, and was soon afterwards attached to the Russian
legation at
Stuttgart, where he attracted the notice of
Queen Olga of Württemberg. He was transferred to
Berlin, then to
Stockholm, and back again to Berlin. In 1877, he was second secretary at the
Hague. During the
Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, he was a delegate of the
Red Cross Society in charge of an
ambulance train provided by Queen Olga of Württemberg.
After the war, he was successively first secretary in
Paris,
chancellor of the
embassy in Berlin, and then minister in
Copenhagen. In
Denmark, he was brought much into contact with the
imperial family, and, on the death of Prince
Lobanov-Rostovsky in 1897, he was appointed by the
Tsar Nicholas II to be his
minister of foreign affairs.
The next three and a half years were a critical time for
European
diplomacy. The
Chinese and
Cretan questions were disturbing factors. As regards
Crete, Count Muraviev's policy was vacillating; in China, his hands were forced by
Germany's action at
Kiaochow. But he acted with singular regret with regard at all events to his assurances to
Britain respecting the
leases of
Port Arthur and
Talienwan from China; he told the British
ambassador that these would be open ports, and afterwards essentially modified this pledge.
When the Tsar Nicholas inaugurated the
Peace Conference at the Hague, Count Muraviev extricated his country from a situation of some embarrassment; but when, subsequently, Russian agents in
Manchuria and
Peking connived at the agitation which culminated in the
Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the relations of the responsible foreign minister with the tsar became strained. Muraviev died suddenly on June 21, 1900 of
apoplexy, brought on, it was said, by a stormy interview with the tsar.
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